RESUMO O gênero Brycon compreende um grupo de espécies de peixes de grande importância socioeconômica e biológica no Brasil. Entretanto, o conhecimento genético dessas espécies é escasso, principalmente no caso do Brycon falcatus. Diante disso, objetivou-se verificar a transferibilidade de primers heterólogos em B. falcatus. Foram avaliados primers heterólogos provenientes das espécies B. opalinus, B. hilarii, B. insignis, B. orbignyanus, B. amazonicus, Prochilodus argenteus, Prochilodus lineatus, Piaractus mesopotamicus e Colossoma macropomum. Os primers que demonstraram melhores padrões de amplificação foram aplicados a uma amostra de 22 indivíduos e os parâmetros genéticos foram calculados. Nove primers apresentaram resultados satisfatórios de amplificação cruzada com B. falcatus: BoM5 (Brycon opalinus), Bh8, Bh13 e Bh16 (B. hilarii); Borg59 (Brycon orbignyanus); Bag22 (B. amazonicus); Par12 and Par80 (Prochilodus argenteus) e Cm1A8 (Colossoma macropomum). Os parâmetros genéticos (número de alelos, alelos efetivos, riqueza de alelos e heterozigosidade esperada e observada) e o conteúdo de informação polimórfica (PIC) demonstraram a viabilidade da utilização dos primers para análises genéticas populacionais. Nosso estudo demonstra o potencial de transferibilidade de marcadores microssatélites de espécies relacionadas e até de gêneros diferentes para B. falcatus, fornecendo ferramentas úteis para futuros estudos genéticos populacionais nessa espécie.

ABSTRACT The genusBryconcomprises fish species of significant socioeconomic and biological importance in Brazil. Despite that, the genetic knowledge about these species is scarce, especially regardingBrycon falcatus. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the transferability of heterologous microsatellite primers inB. falcatus for the first time. Heterologous primers obtained from B. opalinus, B. hilarii, B. insignis, B. orbignyanus, B. amazonicus, Prochilodus argenteus, Prochilodus lineatus, Piaractus mesopotamicus, and Colossoma macropomum were evaluated. The primers that showed the best amplification patterns were applied to a sample of 22 individuals and the genetic parameters were calculated. Nine primers displayed satisfactory cross-amplification withB. falcatus: BoM5 (Brycon opalinus); Bh8, Bh13 and Bh16 (B. hilarii); Borg59 (B. orbignyanus); Bag22 (B. amazonicus); Par12 and Par80 (P. argenteus), and Cm1A8 (C. macropomum). The genetic parameters (number of alleles, effective alleles, allele richness, and expected and observed heterozygosity) and the polymorphic information content (PIC) confirmed the viability of these primers for population genetics analyses. Our study demonstrates the potential of transferability of microsatellite markers from related species and even different genera to B. falcatus, providing usefull tools for future population genetic studies in this species.

ABSTRACT This study evaluated morphometric and ultrasound information of tilapia (O. niloticus) breeders through multivariate analysis. We applied correlation, clustering, and principal component analysis to a dataset composed of information from 222 male and female breeders of the improved GIFT strain. The body weight, objective of the breeding program, showed a high positive correlation with most of the morphometric parameters. The formation of clusters indicated characteristics responsible for muscle composition and carcass weight. Some characteristics showed a high correlation, such as body weight and fillet weight (0.98 and 0.94 for females and males, respectively), and a high contribution to the explanation of data variability; of the total characteristics evaluated for females, two explained 75% data variability and four explained 72% for males. We concluded that it is possible to reduce the number of characteristics measured, as well as use information of average daily weight gain and body weight to select female and male breeders, respectively, to drive genetic gains favoring more productive generations.

RESUMO: Brycon gouldingi é uma espécie de peixe neotropical com importância socioeconômica e ambiental na Bacia do Tocantins-Araguaia. Estudos genéticos nessa espécie ainda são escassos, dificultando o conhecimento sobre a estrutura populacional e a diversidade genética nos estoques naturais e em cativeiro. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a transferibilidade de primers microssatélites heterólogos em B. gouldingi. Foram avaliados um total de 30 primers de oito espécies: Brycon hilarii, Brycon opalinus, Brycon cephalus, Brycon orbignyanus, Prochilodus lineatus, Prochilodus argenteus, Piaractus mesopotamicus e Colossoma macropomum. Os primers que demonstraram melhores padrões de amplificação foram aplicados em 20 espécimes de B. gouldingi para os cálculos dos parâmetros genéticos. Sete dos 30 primers apresentaram resultados satisfatórios de transferibilidade, sendo seis oriundos do gênero Brycon: Bh13 (B. hilarii), BoM5, BoM13 (B. opalinus), Borg9, Borg13 e Borg59 (B. orbignyanus), e um oriundo de P. argenteus (Par80). Os primer das outras espécies testados mostraram inespecificidade ou monomorfismo, sendo excluídos das análises. O número de alelos variou de dois (Borg13 e Borg59) a três (Bh13, BoM5, BoM13, Borg9 e Par80), com tamanhos entre 103 pb (BoM5) e 430 pb (Borg9). Quatro primers apresentaram evidências de alelos nulos (BoM13, Borg9, Borg13 e Par80), o que provavelmente inferiu sobre o desvio de Hardy-Weinberg nos mesmos. Concluindo, sete primers foram validados para a amplificação cruzada em B. gouldingi e poderão ser utilizados em futuros estudos com essa espécie.

ABSTRACT: Brycon gouldingi is a species of neotropical fish of socioeconomic and environmental importance in the Tocantins-Araguaia Basin. Genetic studies on this species are still limited, making it difficult to evaluate the population structure and genetic diversity in natural and captive stocks. Here, we aimed to evaluate the transferability of heterologous microsatellite primers in B. gouldingi. A total of 30 primers for eight species were evaluated: Brycon hilarii, Brycon opalinus, Brycon cephalus, Brycon orbignyanus, Prochilodus lineatus, Prochilodus argenteus, Piaractus mesopotamicus, and Colossoma macropomum. The primers that showed the best amplification patterns were applied to 20 specimens of B. gouldingi, and their genetic parameters were assessed. Among the 30 primers, seven showed satisfactory transferability, six of which belonged to the genus Brycon: Bh13 (B. hilarii), BoM5, BoM13 (B. opalinus), Borg9, Borg13, and Borg59 (B. orbignyanus), and one belonged to P. argenteus (Par80). The primers for the other species tested showed non-specificity or monomorphism; and were therefore, excluded from the analyses. The number of alleles ranged between two (Borg13 and Borg59) and three (Bh13, BoM5, BoM13, Borg9 and Par80), with sizes varying between 103 bp (BoM5) and 430 bp (Borg9). Four primers showed evidence of null alleles (BoM13, Borg9, Borg13, and Par80), which could probably be attributed to the respective Hardy-Weinberg deviation. Thus, seven primers were validated for cross-amplification in B. gouldingi, which may be used in future studies involving this species.

RESUMO: A piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus) é um peixe de grande valor econômico que nos últimos anos tem apresentado uma redução drástica em suas populações naturais. Nesse contexto, estudos de variabilidade genética dos estoques naturais e nos programas de repovoamento são fundamentais para adoção de medidas conservacionistas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a amplificação cruzada de primers heterologos em B. orbignyanus. Foram avaliados um total de 52 primers das espécies Brycon opalinus, Brycon hilarii, Brycon insignis, Prochilodus sp., Piaractus mesopotamicus, Colossoma macropomum e Oreochromis niloticus. Os primers com melhor reprodutibilidade foram aplicados a uma amostra de 20 indivíduos e os parâmetros genéticos foram calculados. Nove primers apresentaram resultados satisfatórios de amplificação cruzada com B. orbignyanus, sendo das espécies Brycon opalinus (BoM5 e BoM13), Brycon hilarii (Bh5, Bh6, Bh8, Bh13 e Bh16), Brycon insignis (Bc48-10) e Prochilodus argenteus (Par80). Os primers de Piaractus mesopotamicus, Colossoma macropomum e Oreochromis niloticus não apresentaram amplificação ou apresentaram inespecificidade. Os resultados revelaram a possibilidade da utilização de primers de diferentes espécies e gênero em B. orbignyanus, o que facilita a realização de estudos genéticos nessa espécie.

ABSTRACT: Brycon orbignyanus, popularly known in Brazil as piracanjuba, is a fish with great economic value but whose natural population drastically decreased in number during the last years. In this context, genetic variability studies of natural stocks and in restocking programs are fundamental for the adoption of conservation measures. Current analysis verifies the cross-amplification of heterologous primers in B. orbignyanus. Fifty-two primers of the species Brycon opalinus, Brycon hilarii, Brycon insignis, Prochilodus sp., Piaractus mesopotamicus, Colossoma macropomum and Oreochromis niloticus were tested. Primers with the best reproducibility were applied to a sample of 20 individuals and the genetic parameters were calculated. Nine primers provided good results for cross-amplification with B. orbignyanus, involving (BoM5 and BoM13) of Brycon opalinus, (Bh5, Bh6, Bh8, Bh13 and Bh16) of Brycon hilarii, (Bc48-10) of Brycon insignis and (Par80) of Prochilodus argenteus. Primers of Piaractus mesopotamicus, Colossoma macropomum and Oreochromis niloticus failed to provide amplification or provided non-specificity. Results demonstrated the possibility of using primers of different species and genera of B. orbignyanus, facilitating genetic studies on the species.

The objective of this study was to evaluate Ovopel and carp pituitary extract as spawning inducers in the males of the Amazon catfish L. marmoratus. The following treatments, applied in a single dose, were studied: 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 Ovopel pellet/kg live weight, and 2.5 mg carp pituitary extract/kg live weight. Each treatment was repeated four times. No significant difference in sperm volume, motility and vigor, time of motility, sperm count, or percentage of normal and abnormal spermatozoa was observed between the treatments. There was also no significant difference in terms of primary or secondary sperm defects, except for the secondary defect of loose heads, which was less frequent in the treatments using 0.4 and 0.6 Ovopel pellet/kg live weight. It was concluded that Ovopel could replace carp pituitary extract for induction spawning in the males of the Amazon catfishL. marmoratus.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a variabilidade genética nos parentais (G0) e em três gerações consecutivas (G1, G2 e G3) de tilápia Gift (genetically improved farmed tilapia), por meio de marcadores microssatélites. Trezentos e sessenta indivíduos, provenientes do programa de melhoramento da Universidade Estadual de Maringá, foram selecionados quanto ao ganho de peso. O total de 21 alelos foi encontrado nos cinco loci microssatélites polimórficos (G12292, UNH140; G12311, UNH159; G12312, UNH160; G12314, UNH162; e G12315, UNH163), com número médio entre três e cinco alelos por locus. As frequências alélicas variaram de 0,017 (UNH160 - G2) a 0,750 (UNH160 - G0). A heterozigosidade média observada foi de 0,501, 0,391, 0,531 e 0,503 para G0, G1, G2 e G3, respectivamente. O coeficiente de endogamia médio foi 0,192 (G0), 0,401 (G1), 0,230 (G2) e 0,301 (G3). Todas as gerações apresentaram desvio no equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg, com desequilíbrio de ligação na maioria dos loci. Exceto para a G1, a heterozigosidade foi mantida nas gerações G2 e G3, o que indica que não há perda significativa de variabilidade genética no programa de melhoramento.

The objective of this work was to characterize the genetic variability in parental (G0) and three subsequent generations (G1, G2, and G3) of genetically improved farmed tilapia (Gift) using microsatellite markers. Three hundred sixty individuals from the breeding program of Universidade Estadual de Maringá, PR, Brazil, were selected for weight gain. A total of 21 alleles was found in all five polymorphic microsatellite loci (G12292, UNH140; G12311, UNH159; G12312, UNH160; G12314, UNH162; and G12315, UNH163), with an average number between three and five alleles per locus. Allele frequencies ranged from 0.017 (UNH160 - G2) to 0.750 (UNH160 - G0). The average observed heterozygosity was 0.501, 0.391, 0.531, and 0.503 for G0, G1, G2, and G3, respectively. The average inbreeding coefficient was 0.192 (G0), 0.401 (G1), 0.230 (G2), and 0.301 (G3). All generations showed deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with linkage disequilibrium in most loci. Except for G1, the heterozygosity was maintained in the G2 and G3 generations, which indicates that there is no significant loss of genetic variability in the breeding program.

O monitoramento da diversidade genética é fundamental em um programa de repovoamento. Avaliouse a diversidade genética de pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) em duas estações de piscicultura em Andirá -Paraná, Brasil, utilizadas no programa de repovoamento do Rio Paranapanema. Foram amplificados seis loci microssatélite para avaliar 60 amostras de nadadeira. O estoque de reprodutores B apresentou maior número de alelos e heterozigose (alelos: 22 e H O: 0,628) que o estoque de reprodutores A (alelos: 21 e H O: 0,600). Alelos com baixos níveis de frequência foram observados nos dois estoques. Os coeficientes positivos de endogamia no locus Pme2 (estoque A: F IS = 0,30 e estoque B: F IS = 0,20), Pme5 (estoque B: F IS = 0,15), Pme14 (estoque A: F IS = 0,07) e Pme28 (estoque A: F IS = 0,24 e estoque B: F IS = 0,20), indicaram deficiência de heterozigotos. Foi detectada a presença de um alelo nulo no lócus Pme2. As estimativas negativas nos loci Pme4 (estoque A: F IS = -0,43 e estoque B: F IS= -0,37), Pme5 (estoque A: F IS = - 0,11), Pme14 (estoque B: F IS = - 0,15) e Pme32 (estoque A: F IS = - 0,93 e estoque B: F IS = - 0,60) foram indicativas de excesso de heterozigotos. Foi evidenciado desequilíbrio de ligação e riqueza alélica baixa só no estoque A. A diversidade genética de Nei foi alta nos dois estoques. A distância (0,085) e identidade (0,918) genética mostraram similaridade entre os estoques, o qual reflete uma possível origem comum. 6,05% da variância genética total foi devida a diferenças entre os estoques. Foi observado um recente efeito gargalo nos dois estoques. Os resultados indicaram uma alta diversidade genética nos estoques de reprodutores e baixa diferenciação genética entre eles, o que foi causado pelo manejo reprodutivo das pisciculturas, redução do tamanho populacional e intercâmbio genético entre as pisciculturas.

Monitoring the genetic diversity has fundamental importance for fish stocking programs. This experiment aims to evaluate the genetic diversity in two hatchery stations (A and B) with pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) in Andirá, state of Paraná, Brazil used in stocking programs of Paranapanema River. Six microsatellite loci were amplified using DNA extracted from 60 fin-clipping samples. The broodstock B had the average number of alleles and the mean heterozygosity (alleles: 3.7 and H O: 0.628) higher than the broodstock A (alleles: 3.5 and H O: 0.600). Alleles with low frequency levels were observed in the both broodstocks. The positive coefficients of endogamy in the locus Pme2 (broodstock A: F IS = 0.30 and broodstock B: F IS = 0.20), Pme5 (broodstock B: F IS = 0.15), Pme14 (broodstock A: F IS = 0.07) and Pme28 (broodstock A: F IS = 0.24 and broodstock B: F IS = 0.20) indicated deficiency of heterozygotes. Presence of null allele in the locus Pme2 was detected. The negative estimates in loci Pme4 (broodstock A: F IS = - 0.43 and broodstock B: F IS = - 0.37), Pme5 (broodstock A: F IS= - 0.11), Pme14 (broodstock B: F IS= - 0.15) and Pme32 (broodstock A: F IS = - 0.93 and broodstock B: F IS = - 0.60) were indicating the excess of heterozygotes. Evidence of linkage disequilibrium and lower allelic richness was found only in the broodstock A. Nei's gene diversity was high in both broodstocks. The genetic distance (0.085) and identity (0.918) showed similarity between broodstocks, which reflects a possible common origin. 6.05% of the total genetic variance was due to differences among broodstocks. Recent bottleneck effect in two broodstocks was observed. The results indicated a higher genetic diversity in the two broodstocks and they presented low genetic difference. This was caused by the reproductive management in both hatchery stations, reduction of population size and genetic exchange between the hatchery stations.

Los programas de repoblación de ríos vienen siendo usados con mayor frecuencia como métodos de conservación de especies de peces. Sin embargo, la evaluación de procedimientos reproductivos y su influencia en la progenie son necesarias para obtener resultados viables en los ecosistemas impactados negativamente por el hombre. El objetivo de este estudio, fue estimar la contribución reproductiva de una progenie de Brycon orbignyanus usada en programas de repoblación, en el sistema reproductivo seminatural, utilizando el marcador molecular microsatélite. Se analizaron muestras de aleta de 44 reproductores, 69 larvas de 3 días y 70 alevinos de 90 días. No se observó mortalidad de reproductores durante el proceso reproductivo y hubo desova/espermiación en todos los individuos, demostrando la efectividad del sistema seminatural en la preservación física y reproductiva durante los cruzamientos. Los 5 loci utilizados produjeron un total de 14 alelos entre 135 pb y 200 pb, siendo observados 3 alelos (BoM1, BoM5, BoM7 y BoM13) y 2 alelos (BoM2) por locus, presentes en los reproductores y en la progenie (larvas y alevinos). Fue confirmada la presencia de paternidad múltiple con participación de pocos reproductores en la progenie, revelando un proceso de dominancia reproductiva. Fueron observadas diferencias en la contribución reproductiva de larvas y alevinos, demostrando que esta contribución en un mismo lote puede ser diferente entre fases de crecimiento

The stock enhancement programs are being used more frequently as methods of fish conservation. However, the evaluation of reproductive procedures and their influence in the offspring are necessary to obtain viable results in the ecosystems impacted negatively by the man. The aim of this study was to estimate the reproductive contribution of a Brycon orbignyanus offspring used in stock enhancement programs, in the semi-natural reproductive system, using the microsatellite molecular marker. Fin samples of 44 broodstocks, 69 larvae of three days and 70 juvenile of 90 days were analyzed. Mortality of broodstocks was not observed during the reproductive process and there was spawing/spermiation in all the individuals, demonstrating the effectiveness of the seminatural system in the physical and reproductive preservation during the mating. The 5 loci used produced 14 alleles a total between 135 bp and 200 bp, being observed 3 alleles (BoM1, BoM5, BoM7 and BoM13) and 2 alleles (BoM2) by locus present in the broodstocks and in the offspring (larvae and juvenile). The presence of multiple paternity was confirmed with participation of few broodstocks in the offspring, revealing a possible process of reproductive dominance. Differences in the reproductive contribution of larvae and juvenile were observed, demonstrating that this contribution in oneself stock can be different between phases of growth

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade genética e a contribuição parental de Piaractus mesopotamicus na produção de descendência no sistema seminatural de reprodução. Vinte peixes parentais (onze machos e nove fêmeas) e o total de 100 larvas foram avaliados por meio do marcador microssátelite. Os parentais e a progênie tiveram trinta e um alelos e heterozigosidade de 0,550 e 0,563, respectivamente. As fêmeas foram fertilizadas por dois até seis machos enquanto machos fertilizaram três até cinco fêmeas. A contribuição de fêmeas e machos para a descendência seja 66,6 e 58,0%, respectivamente. Tais resultados não indicam diminuição da variabilidade genética na progênie e os parentais apresentaram paternidade múltipla e razoável contribuição à produção de descendência.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic diversity and the parental contribution of Piaractus mesopotamicus in the production of offspring in the semi-natural system of reproduction. Twenty parental fishes (eleven males and nine females) and the total of 100 larvae were evaluated by microsatellite marker. The parents and offspring had thirty-one alleles and heterozygosity of 0.550 and 0.563, respectively. The females were fertilised by two up to six males while the males fertilised three up to five females. The contribution of the females and males to the offspring were 66.6 and 58%, respectively. Such results indicated no loss in the genetic variability in the offspring, and the parents had multiple paternity and reasonable contribution to the offspring production.

Los programas de repoblamiento de ríos vienen siendo usados con mayor frecuencia como métodos de conservación de la ictiofauna. Sin embargo, el monitoreo genético y evaluación de procedimientos reproductivos son necesarios para obtener resultados viables en los ecosistemas impactados negativamente por el hombre. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la diversidad genética de Brycon orbignyanus utilizado en programas de repoblamiento, en el sistema reproductivo semi-natural (SRSN), con el marcador RAPD. Fueron analizados 15 reproductores (Rp;10 machos y 5 hembras) y 95 larvas de la progenie. El SRSN permitió la obtención de una baja mortalidad de los Rp utilizados en el cruzamiento y todos presentaron desova/espermiación. Los 9 iniciadores utilizados produjeron 90 fragmentos (fg), de los cuales 73,33% fueron polimórficos. Encontrándose diferencias (P<0,05) en la frecuencia de 17 fg, sin la presencia de fg exclusivos. El índice de diversidad genética de Shannon y porcentaje de fg polimórficos fueron inferiores en los individuos de la progenie. La similaridad genética fue mayor en la progenie. El análisis de variancia molecular mostró que la mayor parte de la variación está dentro de cada lote (81,49%) y no entre los lotes (18,51%). La identidad y distancia genética fue 0,953 y 0,049, respectivamente. A pesar que el SRSN permitió la obtención de una baja mortalidad y adecuado comportamiento reproductivo de los Rp, hubo disminución de la variabilidad genética en la progenie por el efecto del bajo número de Rp utilizados durante la reproducción y por la baja variabilidad genética existente entre ellos

The stock enhancement programs are being used more frequently as methods of fish conservation. However, the genetic monitoring and the reproductive procedures evaluation are necessary to achieve viable and reliable results. The purpose of this study was to analyze the genetic diversity of Brycon orbignyanus used in stock enhancement programs, in the semi-natural reproductive system, with the RAPD marker. Fifteen broodstocks (10 male and 5 female) and 95 larvae of the offspring were analyzed. The semi-natural reproductive system allowed the obtaining of a low mortality of the broodstocks using in the mating and all presented spawing/spermiation. The nine primers used yielded 90 fragments, of which 73,33% were polymorphic. Differences (P <0,05) in the frequency of 17 fragments were observed, without the presence of exclusive fragments. The Shannon genetic diversity index and percentage of polymorphic fragments were lower in the offspring individuals. Genetic similarity was higher in the offspring. The analysis of molecular variance results showed that the major part of the genetic variation is within the groups (81,49%) and not between them (18,51%). The identity and genetic distance among the groups were 0,953 and 0,049; respectively. In spite of the semi-natural reproductive system to allow the decrease of mortality and an appropriate reproductive broodstocks behavior, was decrease of the genetic variability in the offspring for the effect of the small number of broodstocks used during the reproduction and for the low existent genetic variability among them

The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic diversity of a Brycon orbignyanus lot used in stock enhancement programs, using microsatellite markers. Samples of 44 broodstocks, 70 larvae and 69 fingerlings, were analyzed with amplification of five loci described for Brycon opalinus. The number of alleles, the observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity, Shannon index (IS), Nei's genetic diversity (DGN), the inbreeding coefficient (Fis), distance (DG) and genetic identity (IG), the effective number of alleles, the test of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (EHW) and the linkage disequilibrium were calculated. Broodstocks and offspring had a similar number of alleles at the tested loci. Ho average, IS, DGN, DG and IG showed that there is less genetic distance between parental and larvae and a decrease of genetic variability in the fingerlings. Deviations in the EHW and disequilibrium ligation were observed in six pairs of loci. Inbreeding coefficient showed excess of heterozygotes in parental and larvae and heterozygote deficiencies in fingerlings. The broodstock is in process of allele losses and the genetic variability decreased between larva and fingerling stages.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar la diversidad genética de un lote de Brycon orbignyanus usado en programas de repoblación, a través de marcadores microsatélites. Se analizaron muestras de 44 reproductores, de 70 larvas y de 69 alevinos, con la amplificación de cinco loci descritos para Brycon opalinus. El número de alelos, la heterozigosidad observada (Ho) y esperada (He), el índice de Shannon (IS), la diversidad genética de Nei (DGN), el coeficiente de endogamia (Fis), la distancia (DG) e identidad genética (IG), el número efectivo de alelos, el test del equilibrio de Hardy-Weinberg (EHW) y el desequilibrio de ligación fueron calculados. Reproductores y progenie tuvieron un número similar de alelos en los loci evaluados. La Ho media, IS, DGN, DG e IG mostraron que existe menor distancia genética entre parentales y larvas y una disminución de variabilidad genética en los alevinos. Fueron observados desvíos en EHW y desequilibrio de ligación en seis pares de loci. El Fis mostró exceso de heterocigotos en parentales y larvas y déficit de heterocigotos en los alevinos. El lote de reproductores está en proceso de pérdida de alelos y hubo disminución de la variabilidad genética entre la fase de larva y alevino.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a diversidade genética das amostras de pacu do médio Rio Paranapanema e do estoque de reprodutores utilizado no programa de repovoamento da Estação de Aqüicultura e Hidrologia da usina hidrelétrica Duke Energy, por meio do marcador RAPD. Foram utilizados 14 primers para analisar 30 indivíduos capturados no médio Rio Paranapanema e 29 indivíduos do estoque de reprodutores. O índice de diversidade genética de Shannon e a percentagem de fragmentos polimórficos foram superiores nos indivíduos capturados do Rio Paranapanema. A similaridade genética foi maior nos indivíduos do estoque de reprodutores. A análise da variância molecular mostrou que a maior parte da variação está dentro de cada grupo (84,2%) e não entre os grupos (15,8%). A identidade e distância genética entre os grupos foram 0,9517 e 0,0549, respectivamente. Moderada diferenciação genética (F ST = 0,15) e alto número de migrantes por geração (Nm = 5,33) foram observados entre os dois grupos. Há menor diversidade genética do estoque de reprodutores em relação aos indivíduos capturados do Rio Paranapanema.

The objective of this work was to study the genetic diversity of pacu samples from the middle Paranapanema River and from the broodstock used in the stock enhancement program of the Aquaculture and Hydrology Station at the Duke Energy Power Plant, by RAPD marker. Fourteen primers were used to analyze 30 individuals captured in the middle Paranapanema River and 29 individuals from the broodstock. The Shannon genetic diversity index and percentage of polymorphic fragments were higher in individuals captured in the Paranapanema River. Genetic similarity was larger in individuals of the broodstock. Results of analysis of molecular variance showed that the major part of the genetic variation is within the groups (84.2%) and not between them (15.8%). The identity and genetic distance among the groups were 0.9517 and 0.0549, respectively. Moderate genetic differentiation (F ST = 0.15) and high number of migrants per generation (Nm = 5.33) were observed between the two groups. The genetic diversity was lower in the broodstock than in fish captured in the middle Paranapanema River.